NAO’s Home Office 2024–25 overview highlights digital transformation and elevated risks for investigations. LEDS and HOB migrations, Hendon data-centre exit, and ESN delays affect evidence integrity and incident communications. Principal risks—cyber threats, data quality, and insider activity—demand stronger governance, forensic readiness, and skills. Recommendations: standardised toolsets, AI governance, immutable logging, dual-running comms, and whole-system cyber exercises across forces and departments.

Space has become a critical domain for national security, commerce, and communication. As global satellite networks expand, so do the risks of interference, cyber intrusion, and orbital conflict. This analysis explores the balance between offence, defence, and digital forensics, highlighting the urgent need for resilience, forensic readiness, and international cooperation in securing space infrastructure.